
% Table created by stargazer v.5.2.3 by Marek Hlavac, Social Policy Institute. E-mail: marek.hlavac at gmail.com
% Date and time: Tue, Nov 04, 2025 - 20:06:00
\begin{table}[!htbp] \centering 
  \caption{OLS models Study 3 : Policy effectiveness} 
  \label{} 
\small 
\begin{tabular}{@{\extracolsep{1pt}}lcccc} 
\\[-1.8ex]\hline 
\hline \\[-1.8ex] 
 & \multicolumn{4}{c}{\textit{Dependent variable:}} \\ 
\cline{2-5} 
\\[-1.8ex] & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Effectiveness} \\ 
 & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Speed limit highway} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Carbon tax} \\ 
\\[-1.8ex] & (1) & (2) & (3) & (4)\\ 
\hline \\[-1.8ex] 
 T- Costly + Symbolic & 0.119$^{**}$ (0.044) & 0.129$^{**}$ (0.041) & 0.338$^{***}$ (0.046) & 0.335$^{***}$ (0.044) \\ 
  T- Costly + No Symbolic & 0.060 (0.044) & 0.081 (0.041) & 0.004 (0.046) & 0.004 (0.044) \\ 
  T- Symbolic only & 0.667$^{***}$ (0.044) & 0.691$^{***}$ (0.041) & 0.723$^{***}$ (0.046) & 0.737$^{***}$ (0.044) \\ 
  T- Symbolic + No Costly & 0.638$^{***}$ (0.044) & 0.649$^{***}$ (0.041) & 0.530$^{***}$ (0.046) & 0.531$^{***}$ (0.044) \\ 
  Ideology &  & $-$0.003 (0.006) &  & 0.004 (0.006) \\ 
  Government satisfaction &  & $-$0.296$^{***}$ (0.017) &  & $-$0.188$^{***}$ (0.018) \\ 
  Gender - Male &  & $-$0.018 (0.026) &  & $-$0.114$^{***}$ (0.028) \\ 
  Income &  & $-$0.027$^{***}$ (0.008) &  & $-$0.025$^{**}$ (0.009) \\ 
  Age &  & $-$0.001 (0.001) &  & $-$0.001 (0.001) \\ 
  Education - BAC+2 &  & $-$0.078 (0.049) &  & $-$0.016 (0.052) \\ 
  Education - BAC+3 &  & $-$0.027 (0.043) &  & $-$0.072 (0.045) \\ 
  Education - CAPBEPC &  & $-$0.062 (0.043) &  & 0.098$^{*}$ (0.045) \\ 
  Education - NO &  & $-$0.091$^{*}$ (0.043) &  & 0.098$^{*}$ (0.046) \\ 
  Urban - Rural - Agglo Paris &  & 0.001 (0.055) &  & 0.023 (0.058) \\ 
  Urban - Rural - Inf 19999 &  & 0.030 (0.059) &  & $-$0.072 (0.063) \\ 
  Urban - Rural - Rural &  & $-$0.032 (0.056) &  & $-$0.021 (0.059) \\ 
  Urban - Rural - Sup 20000 &  & $-$0.005 (0.047) &  & $-$0.033 (0.050) \\ 
  Main transport - Car &  & $-$0.056$^{*}$ (0.028) &  & $-$0.036 (0.030) \\ 
  Climate concern &  & 0.154$^{***}$ (0.014) &  & 0.182$^{***}$ (0.015) \\ 
  Constant & 1.883$^{***}$ (0.031) & 2.661$^{***}$ (0.112) & 2.074$^{***}$ (0.032) & 2.317$^{***}$ (0.117) \\ 
 \hline \\[-1.8ex] 
Observations & 3,300 & 3,300 & 3,300 & 3,300 \\ 
R$^{2}$ & 0.118 & 0.234 & 0.107 & 0.187 \\ 
Adjusted R$^{2}$ & 0.117 & 0.230 & 0.106 & 0.183 \\ 
\hline 
\hline \\[-1.8ex] 
\textit{Note:}  & \multicolumn{4}{r}{$^{*}$p$<$0.05; $^{**}$p$<$0.01; $^{***}$p$<$0.001} \\ 
\end{tabular} 
\end{table} 
